Second Congo War – Attacks on other civilian populations – South Kivu

Mapping Report > Section I. Most serious violations > CHAPTER III. The Second War > B. Attacks on other civilian populations > 4. South Kivu

In Bukavu, during the first few hours following the outbreak of the second war, Tutsi soldiers who had mutinied with the help of the APR were faced with heavy resistance from the FAC soldiers who had remained loyal to the Government in Kinshasa. In this context, the Mapping Team documented the following alleged incidents.

On 3 August 1998, rebel Banyamulenge soldiers and elements of the APR executed at least 38 officers and around 100 FAC soldiers rendered out of combat at Kavumu airport, north of Bukavu. After the rebellion broke out, the soldiers had tried to resist but, given their numerical inferiority in the wake of the arrival of APR reinforcements, they were forced to surrender. The victims were first disarmed and forced to lie down on the airport runway. The Banyamulenge and APR soldiers then forced the Kadogo in the group to fire on the officers and soldiers.⁵³⁸

In August 1998, elements of the ANC/APR killed or raped an unknown number of civilians during two operations (nicknamed Musako) to search for arms caches carried out in the town of Bukavu. Most of the rapes were committed in the municipalities of Kadutu and Ibanda.⁵³⁹

In spite of their rapid conquest of most of the towns in South Kivu, ANC/APR/FAB soldiers did not manage to gain control of the countryside. The RCD’s bias towards the Tutsi and Banyamulenge communities, its political and military dependence on Rwanda and the violent acts committed by its soldiers on civilians, traditional leaders and members of the Catholic clergy in fact deprived the movement of the support of the majority of those living in the province. During the months following the outbreak of the second war, numerous young men joined the existing Mayi-Mayi armed groups or were involved in the creation of new groups, such as Mudundu 40 in the Walungu region. Many of these groups formed alliances with the ex-FAR/Interahamwe and the Hutu armed groups that had reorganised in the ALiR, as well as the Burundian Hutu armed group, the CNDD-FDD.

Except for the special Mayi-Mayi Division of General Padiri in the Bunyakiri groupement and the Shabunda region and, to a lesser extent, the Forces d’autodéfense populaires (FAP) of Colonel Dunia, which received arms and money from the Government in Kinshasa to coordinate their operations, most of the Mayi-Mayi groups in South Kivu operated on a highly decentralised basis. Faced with attacks by Mayi-Mayi groups, the FDD and the ALiR, the ANC/APR/FAB soldiers reacted by stepping up the number of search operations and rapes and systematically attacking civilian populations suspected of collaborating with the enemy. For their part, Mayi-Mayi groups and elements of the CNDD-FDD and the ALiR also attacked and raped civilians, whom they accused of supporting the RCD, stole their property and committed numerous acts of pillage.⁵⁴⁰ In this context, the Mapping Team documented the following alleged incidents.

Between 1998 and 2002, the RCD-Goma⁵⁴¹ security services in Bukavu and Uvira arbitrarily arrested and tortured several traditional leaders along with administrative officials, political opponents and members of civil society. Victims were generally arrested simply on the basis of having dared to criticise the policy being pursued by the RCD-Goma or for having asked for APR troops to leave Congolese territory. Victims were systematically accused of supporting Mayi-Mayi and ALiR groups and held for months in cruel, inhuman or degrading conditions. Some were transferred to prisons in Goma, Kisangani or Rwanda, where some of them disappeared without trace.⁵⁴²
On 6 August 1998, elements of the ANC/APR/FAB killed tens of civilians in Uvira. Hundreds of victims were killed during confrontations with the FAC when they tried to take shelter or escape from the combat zone. Others were executed after the end of the fighting during search operations. The soldiers also raped women during these operations.⁵⁴³
Also on 6 August 1998, elements of the ANC killed 13 people, including the chief of the Kiringye area, in the village of Lwiburule, 53 kilometres to the north-west of Uvira. The chief was killed for not having informed the RCD authorities of the presence of Mayi-Mayi in the village. The other victims were killed whilst they were in the chief’s house.⁵⁴⁴
Again on 6 August 1998, elements of the ANC/APR killed 15 people in the area around the villages of Kivovo, Kigongo and Kalungwe, 11 kilometres south of Uvira. The victims had been accused of sheltering Mayi-Mayi. They were killed with daggers or shot in the area around the main port in Kalundu and at SEP Congo facilities. Young people, conscripted by the soldiers, and members of the local Red Cross then buried the bodies of the victims in mass graves.⁵⁴⁵
On 24 August 1998, ANC/APR soldiers massacred over 1,000 civilians, including numerous women as well as babies and children in the villages of Kilungutwe, Kalama and Kasika, in the Mwenga region, 108 kilometres from Bukavu. Before they were killed, most of the women were raped, tortured and subjected to genital mutilation. The massacre was organised as a retaliation following the death, on 23 August, of around 20 ANC/APR officers in an ambush organised by the Mayi-Mayi on the road between Bukavu and Kindu. Numerous bodies of babies and children were thrown into the latrines. Before they left, the soldiers pillaged three villages and set fire to large numbers of homes⁵⁴⁶.
On 2 September 1998, elements of the ANC killed 13 civilians, including children and old people, in the village of Kitutu in the Mwenga region, 225 kilometres to the south-west of Bukavu. The soldiers also set fire to over 100 houses between the villages of Kabuki and Kilima.⁵⁴⁷
Around 29 September 1998, Mayi-Mayi from Bunyakiri killed seven Tutsi civilians of Rwandan origin, including five women, in the village of Nzovu in the chiefdom of Bakisi, 192 kilometres south of the centre of the town of Shabunda.⁵⁴⁸
In October and November 1998, elements of the ANC/FAB killed 22 civilians in the neighbouring villages of Swima and Lusambo in the Fizi region, 38 kilometres south of Uvira. The victims were in the marketplace on the shores of Lake Tanganyika when the soldiers opened fire indiscriminately. These soldiers had accused the inhabitants of Swima of being Mayi-Mayi and collaborating with elements of the CNDD-FDD. The massacre took place after a member of the FDD wounded an ANC/FAB soldier in the area.⁵⁴⁹
During the night of 21 to 22 October 1998, elements of the ANC/APR killed at least 10 civilians in the village of Bushaku, in the Kalehe region, 50 kilometres north of Bukavu. Most of the victims were burned alive in a house where they had been locked up by the soldiers. The soldiers also pillaged and set fire to large numbers of homes. On 21 October, Mayi-Mayi had killed a number of ANC/APR soldiers. The latter accused the inhabitants of Bushaku of supporting the Mayi-Mayi.⁵⁵⁰

On 8 November 1998, elements of the ANC/APR killed around ten people around the centre of the town of Bunyakiri (the village of Maibano and the shopping centre in Bulambika) in the Kalehe region, 80 kilometres north of Bukavu.⁵⁵¹

Between 3 and 4 December 1998, elements of the ANC/APR killed several tens of people in the Kalehe region, in the villages of Bogamanda and Buhama, and in the village of Lemera, on the road leading to the marketplace in Chipaho. Most of the victims were shopkeepers on their way to market. The victims were accused of collaborating with the Mayi-Mayi and killed with edged weapons.⁵⁵²

On 21 December 1998, elements of the ANC/APR/FAB killed nine civilians in the village of Mboko, in the Tanganyika area of the Fizi region, 52 kilometres south of Uvira. The massacre took place on 21 December on the morning after the soldiers had chased the Mayi-Mayi from the village. The soldiers searched the houses, brought out the civilians and killed them, shooting some and killing others with edged weapons on the basis that they were collaborating with the Mayi-Mayi.⁵⁵³

Between 28 December 1998 and 5 January 1999, confrontations between elements of the ANC/APR and elements of the FAC/ALiR/Mayi-Mayi caused an unknown number of deaths amongst the civilian population in the villages of Mubumbano, Mudirhi and Ntondo/Mubumbano in the Walungu region, around 60 kilometres to the south-west of Bukavu. The victims had been accused of supporting local Mayi-Mayi groups, including the Mudundu 40 group, which was very active in the region.⁵⁵⁴
Between 30 December 1998 and 2 January 1999, elements of the ANC/APR/FAB killed more than 800 people in the villages of Makobola II, Bangwe, Katuta, Mikunga and Kashekezi in the Fizi region, 24 kilometres south of Uvira. The soldiers also committed numerous acts of pillaging and destruction. A large number of women and children, Red Cross volunteers and religious leaders were included among the victims. The soldiers had accused the civilian population of collaborating with the Mayi-Mayi, who had killed APR and ANC commanders on 29 December 1998 in Makobola. Whilst the Mayi-Mayi, who had controlled Makobola II until then, had withdrawn into the surrounding mountains, the soldiers fired indiscriminately on civilians in the village. Some of the victims were killed by being burned alive in houses set on fire by the soldiers.⁵⁵⁵
On 12 January 1999, elements of the ANC/APR killed several civilians on the route between Burhale, 55 kilometres to the north-west of Bukavu, and Mushinga-Lubona, 62 kilometres to the north-west of Bukavu, in the Walungu region. The victims had been accused of supporting the local Mayi-Mayi movement, Mudundu 40, which had set up its headquarters in Mushinga-Lubona.⁵⁵⁶
On 19 February 1999, elements of the ANC/APR based in Kavumu killed at least six civilians and set fire to homes in the village of Bitale, 62 kilometres to the north-west of Bukavu, in the Kalehe region. Soldiers also raped women and girls. They had accused the local population of supporting the Mayi-Mayi operating in the region.⁵⁵⁷
On 5 March 1999, elements of the ANC killed more than 100 people in the town of Kamituga, 180 kilometres from Bukavu, in the Mwenga region. The victims were taken to the headquarters of the ANC/APR on the Mero hill and then killed with edged weapons. Their bodies were then thrown into three mass graves located on the site of the University of Kamituga.⁵⁵⁸
In March 1999, elements of the FAB burned six fishermen alive in the village of Kazimia, 171 kilometres south of Uvira, in the community of Nganja in the Fizi region. The victims had just arrived in the port when they were arrested and interrogated in a house and then burned alive. Shortly before the killing, soldiers from the ANC/FAB and elements of the Mayi-Mayi/CNDD-FDD had fought over control of the village.⁵⁵⁹

In May 1999, elements of the ANC burned 28 people alive, including entire families with their children, in the village of Mwandiga, on the outskirts of Baraka, in the Fizi region. The victims, who were fleeing to Ubwari, had stopped in the village in the hope of finding a dugout canoe and boarding it. When the soldiers arrived in Mwandiga, they ordered the civilians still there to gather to take part in a meeting. Two civilians remained in hiding, whilst 28 responded to the call. The massacre took place shortly after the ANC soldiers had taken back control of the town of Baraka from the Mayi-Mayi.⁵⁶⁰

On 13 March 1999, elements of the ANC/APR killed a dozen civilians in the Mulambi and Karhendezi groupements in the chiefdom of Burhinyi, around 80 kilometres to the south-west of Bukavu, in the Mwenga region. The massacre took place in retaliation for losses suffered by the ANC/APR during confrontations with the Mayi-Mayi in the area of Cirhongo, around 60 kilometres to the south-west of Bukavu, in the Walungu region. The victims had been accused of collaborating with the Mayi-Mayi of the Mudundu 40 based in the chiefdom of Ngweshe.⁵⁶¹

On 17 March 1999, elements of the ANC/APR killed 72 civilians in the village of Budaha in the chiefdom of Burhinyi, in the Mwenga region. Most of the victims were shot dead or killed with edged weapons. The soldiers carried out the massacre in retaliation for the losses suffered during fighting with the Mayi-Mayi of the Mudundu 40.⁵⁶²

On 1 June 1999, Mayi-Mayi from the Pangi region in Maniema province killed around 50 civilians in the village of Nyalukungu, 108 kilometres south of the centre of the town of Shabunda, in the chiefdom of Wakabango. The victims had been accused of collaborating with the RCD-Goma. They were buried in Nyalukungu in four mass graves, the largest of which was close to the health centre in Nyalukungu.⁵⁶³

On 15 August 1999, a number of Mayi-Mayi killed 20 civilians in the village of Hombo, 120 kilometres to the north-west of Bukavu, in the Kalehe region. The victims were on board a vehicle travelling to Bukavu. Like all vehicles leaving Hombo at the time, they were accompanied by an ANC/APR military escort. The Mayi-Mayi opened fire on the vehicle, indiscriminately killing civilians and soldiers.⁵⁶⁴

On 20 September 1999, elements of the ANC/APR killed 25 civilians, including women and children, in the village of Kionvu, 125 kilometres to the south-west of Bukavu, in the Mwenga region. When they arrived, the soldiers had rounded up the civilians, making them think that they were going to hand out food; they then killed them, the majority of them with edged weapons. The victims had been accused of being Mayi-Mayi. The soldiers committed the massacre in retaliation for the losses they had suffered during fighting with the Mayi-Mayi in the neighbouring village of Kalambi.⁵⁶⁵

On 23 October 1999, elements of the ANC/APR killed 50 civilians, including large numbers of women, in the village of Kahungwe, 40 kilometres north of Uvira. The soldiers opened fire without warning on civilians in the marketplace. Shortly before the killing, there had been confrontations between the soldiers and the Mayi-Mayi in the area around Sange.⁵⁶⁶

On 24 October 1999, Mayi-Mayi from the Mudundu 40 group killed a woman and girl and looted several homes in the village of Kibirira, near to the centre of the town of Walungu, 47 kilometres to the south-west of Bukavu. One of the victims was the mother of a shopkeeper based in Bukavu, who was accused of collaborating with the RCD-Goma, and the other his employee. The ANC/APR soldiers had left Kibirira by the time the arrival of the Mayi-Mayi was announced.⁵⁶⁷

In November 1999, elements of the ANC/APR buried alive 15 women from the villages of Bulinzi, Ilinda, Mungombe and Ngando, near to the town centre of Mwenga, 135 kilometres to the south-west of Bukavu. Before being buried alive in the town centre in Mwenga, the victims were tortured and raped, some with sticks, and subjected to other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatments, consisting primarily of inserting hot peppers into their genital organs. The soldiers had accused the victims of collaborating with the Mayi-Mayi.⁵⁶⁸
On 22 November 1999, elements of the ANC/APR killed 21 civilians in the village of Chibinda, near to the town centre in Kalonge, 63 kilometres to the north-west of Bukavu. The victims were attending a service in the CELPA [Communauté des églises libres de pentecôte en Afrique – Community of Free Pentecostal Churches in Africa] church when the soldiers burst into the building and accused the worshippers of being Mayi-Mayi. Many of them escaped but around 20 were arrested and shot dead. The victims’ bodies were then buried by the villagers not far from the church. Before they left, the soldiers pillaged the village and set several houses on fire.⁵⁶⁹
On 14 May 2000, elements of the ANC killed several tens of civilians in the village of Katogota, between Bukavu and Uvira, in the Uvira region. The soldiers arrived in Katogota by lorry and began to kill the villagers, moving from house to house. Some were shot dead and others burned alive when the soldiers set fire to their houses. The total number of victims is difficult to estimate, because the soldiers prohibited access to the village for several days, during which time they burned large numbers of bodies and threw them into the River Ruzizi. The massacre was committed following the death of an ANC commander in a military ambush attributed to elements of the CNDD-FDD.⁵⁷⁰
On the night of 29 to 30 May 2000, elements of the ALiR killed two civilians and wounded several others in the village of Igobegobe, 40 kilometres from Bukavu, in the Kabare region. They also kidnapped a nurse working in the health centre and systematically pillaged the village.⁵⁷¹
On 14 June 2000, elements of the ALiR burned a civilian alive in the village of Cishozi, 35 kilometres from Bukavu, in the Kabare region.⁵⁷²
On 17 June 2000, the elements of the ALiR responsible for the attack of 14 June on Cishozi pillaged the town centre in Kabare and the surrounding area. In particular, they stole numerous civilians’ property and livestock and pillaged the hospital in Mukongola, the Catholic church of Saint-Joseph and the secondary school in Canya, as well as other buildings. The victims of the pillaging were sometimes forced to carry the looted property to the ALiR camp.⁵⁷³
On 29 June 2000, Mayi-Mayi and elements of the CNDD-FDD looted health centres and property belonging to people living in the villages around Lueba, 78 kilometres south of Uvira, in the community of Tanganyika in the Fizi region.⁵⁷⁴
On 30 June 2000, elements of the ANC/APR killed at least 29 civilians in Lulinda and the surrounding area (Mwachata and Icwa), 64 kilometres south of Uvira, in the community of Tanganyika in the Fizi region. They also raped several women and set fire to houses. The killings took place during the counter-attack led by ANC/APR soldiers against the Mayi-Mayi and CNDD-FDD in the Baraka region.⁵⁷⁵
On 19 July 2000, elements of the ANC/APR killed 12 civilians and wounded four in the village of Kikamba, 84 kilometres south of the centre of the town of Shabunda, in the Begala groupement in the Shabunda region. The victims were taking part in a traditional marriage ceremony when they were shot dead. The attack by the soldiers took place after the failure of their operation against the Mayi-Mayi operating in the region.⁵⁷⁶

Between August 1998 and January 2001, ANC/APR soldiers and Mayi-Mayi fought for control of the mining town of Lulingu, which has a large number of coltan mines⁵⁷⁷ and was therefore seen as a strategic target by the belligerents.

In July and August 2000, during their attacks on the mining town of Lulingu, 90 kilometres from the centre of the town of Shabunda, the Mayi-Mayi allegedly killed an unknown number of civilians, committed cruel, inhuman and degrading acts and pillaged the town. At least 25 civilians were drowned in the River Lugulu whilst they were attempting to escape.⁵⁷⁸

One of the main leaders of the Bunyakiri Mayi-Mayi had set up his headquarters in the Shabunda region, in the strategic, mineral-rich location of Nzovu, in the chiefdom of Bakisi in the Bamuguba-Sud groupement, 192 kilometres south of the centre of the town of Shabunda. In 1999, the Government in Kinshasa had sent arms and munitions in by plane to the local airstrip to support the Mayi-Mayi East division. The Nzovu Mayi-Mayi and ANC/APR soldiers fought for control of the region throughout 1999 and 2000. In this context, the Mapping Team documented the following alleged incidents.

Between 18 and 24 August 2000, elements of the ANC/APR killed 34 civilians, set fire to tens of houses, pillaged property and stole livestock in the Nzovu area. The victims had been accused of collaborating with the Mayi-Mayi.⁵⁷⁹

On 2 September 2000, Mayi-Mayi and elements of the ALiR killed 10 people, including members of the Institut congolais pour la conservation de la nature (ICCN) [Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation], a journalist and two wardens from the Kahuzi-Biega national park, in the Kabare/Kalehe regions. The victims were taking part in an ICCN mission when they were caught in an ambush. Several civilians were also wounded during the attack. The survivors were held by the Mayi-Mayi and elements of the ALiR for a day and forced to carry the property that had been pillaged during the ambush. They were then released.⁵⁸⁰

During the period under consideration, elements of the ANC/APR killed, raped, tortured and subjected an unknown number of civilians to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment in the centre of the town of Mwenga, in the Mwenga region.

The victims were often held in a ditch filled with water to which salt and hot peppers had been added. They had generally been accused of being Mayi-Mayi or of collaborating with them. The bodies of some victims were thrown behind the Catholic church in Mwenga, where they were later discovered.⁵⁸¹

On 12 September 2000, elements of the ANC based in Mutarule, 42 kilometres north of Uvira, killed 16 civilians during an attack on a bus linking the villages of Rubanga and Sange. They also killed at least three people in the village of Katekama, close to Sange. These attacks are thought to have been carried out in retaliation for the murder of an ANC soldier by the Mayi-Mayi.⁵⁸²

On 13 October 2000, elements of the ALiR kidnapped an unknown number of girls aged between 13 and 15 in the centre of the town of Kabare. Some of the victims were released after they had been raped; others are still recorded as having disappeared. During their attack on Kabare, elements of the ALiR also pillaged the teachers’ camp at the Kamole Institute. On 18 October, the same elements returned to the villages and pillaged the teachers’ camp for a second time.⁵⁸³

In October 2000, in the village of Citungano, elements of the ALiR kidnapped two civilians, a father and his 14-year-old daughter. Having forced the victims to carry the property they had pillaged from the village, they released the father. The girl was only able to return to the village a week later, after she had been raped.⁵⁸⁴

During the period under consideration, elements of the ALiR committed numerous rapes in the villages of the Irhambi-Katana groupement, 54 kilometres north of Bukavu, in the chiefdom of Kabare (primarily in the Kahuzi-Biega national park). They also kidnapped numerous women, whom they used for several months or even years as sex slaves. During the same period, they committed similar crimes in the Kalehe region, primarily in the chiefdom of Buloho.⁵⁸⁵

During the period under examination, elements of the ANC/APR recruited numerous young minors to their ranks. Recruitment campaigns took place in the town of Bukavu and the regions of Uvira, Walungu (Burhale and Kaniola groupements), Kabare (village in Nyamunyunyi) and Kalehe (Bunyankiri groupement). In August 1998, the ANC recruited around 100 children who had previously been demobilised by UNICEF. In the beginning, recruitments were on a voluntary basis as part of an awareness-raising campaign aimed at parents. Given the limited success of this campaign, the ANC soldiers turned to systematic forced recruitment. As a result, numerous children were kidnapped as they left school or at markets. The recruits were forced to undergo military training in the Congo or Rwanda, under the military orders of the APR. In 2002, there were still over a thousand minors in the ranks of the ANC. Despite official denials, forced recruitment of children continued until at least June 2003.⁵⁸⁶

footnotes

⁵³⁸ Interviews with the Mapping Team, North Kivu, November 2008; Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, November 2008 and March 2009; Anonymous account submitted to the Mapping Team, South Kivu, by a local NGO; Ambroise Bulambo, “Mourir au Kivu, du génocide tutsi aux massacres dans l’est du Congo RCD”, L’Harmattan 2001, p. 73 to 75 and 88 ; ASADHO, Annual Report,1998; Groupe Jérémie, “Parole à la base”, 1999, p. 30; CADDHOM, Half-year report, 15 February 1999, p. 6; AI, “DRC: The war against unarmed civilians”, 1998, p. 10; Petition to the International Court of Justice of the DRC against Rwanda dated 28 May 2002, p. 3.
⁵³⁹ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March and May 2009; Report on the situation of human rights in the DRC (E/CN.4/1999/31); HRW, Casualties of War, 1999, p. 36; AI, “DRC: The war against unarmed civilians ”, 1998, p. 11 and 12.
⁵⁴⁰ The violations attributable to Mayi-Mayi groups are at first sight less numerous than those committed by other armed groups operating in the province. There are a number of explanations for this. In some cases, Mayi-Mayi groups effectively acted as community self-defence militia and only rarely targeted civilians. In other cases, the population did not want to confirm the violations attributable to them because they still consider that overall these groups played a positive role during the war. In yet other cases, the population refused to confirm incidents for fear of being subjected to retaliation, given that some of these groups are still active in the region.⁵⁴¹ Further to the split within the RCD between the pro-Ugandan and pro-Rwandan branches of the movement, South Kivu found itself in the area under the control of the RCD-Goma from March 1999.
⁵⁴² Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March and May 2009; Confidential document submitted to the Mapping Team on the subject of four people deported to Rwanda in 1998; AI, DRC: A Year of Dashed Hopes, 1998.
⁵⁴³ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, November 2008 and February and April 2009; Jean Migabo Kalere, “Génocide au Congo? Analyse des massacres des populations civiles”, Broederlijk Delen, 2002, p. 48; HRW, Casualties of War, 1999, p. 32; AI, “DRC: The war against unarmed civilians”, 1998, p.7 and 8.
⁵⁴⁴ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, February, April and May 2009.
⁵⁴⁵ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March and April 2009; Compilation of accounts on the massacres committed in the Eastern Congo/Zaïre by the armies of Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi, “Pour que l’on n’oublie jamais”, 2001, p. 16; ASADHO, Annual Report, 1998, p. 15; Jean Migabo Kalere, “Génocide au Congo ? Analyse des massacres des populations civiles”, Broederlijk Delen, 2002, p. 48; CADDHOM, Half-year report, 15 February 1999 p. 5; AI, “DRC: The war against unarmed civilians”, 1998, p. 7.
⁵⁴⁶ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, October-December 2008, February-March 2009; Ministry of Human Rights of the DRC, “Livre Blanc: La guerre d’agression en RDC. Trois ans de massacres et de génocide à huis clos”, October 2001, p. 11 to 13; Petition to the International Court of Justice of the DRC against Rwanda dated 28 May 2002, p. 4; CADDHOM, “Massacres de Kasika au sud-Kivu”, 1998; COJESKI, “Report of 20 November 1998”, 1998, p. 2 and 3; COJESKI, Report of January 1999, 1999, p. 26; Christian Hemedi Bayolo, “L’Église profanée, chronique et violation des droits du clergé pendant la guerre d’agression 1998-2000”, February 2002, p. 21 to 23; Jean Migabo Kalere, “Génocide au Congo ? Analyse des massacres des populations civiles”, Broederlijk Delen, 2002, p. 47 and 48 and 61 to 67; Ambroise Bulambo, Mourir au Kivu, du génocide tutsi aux massacres dans l’est du Congo RCD, L’Harmattan 2001, p. 87 and 98 and 99 (photographs); Groupe Jérémie, “Parole à la base”, 1999 p. 21 and 30; AI, “DRC: The war against unarmed civilians”, 1998, p. 8 and 11; HRW, Casualties of War, 1999, p. 30.
⁵⁴⁷ Interviews with the Mapping Team, Sud–Kivu, May 2009; Report on the situation of human rights in the DRC (E/CN.4/1999/31); COJESKI, “Vue synoptique des violations au South Kivu”, 1998.
⁵⁴⁸ Interview with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March 2009; CADDHOM, Half-year report, 1999 p. 8; Héritiers de la Justice (HJ), “Vue synoptique sur le cas du South Kivu” 1998, p. 4.
⁵⁴⁹ Interviews with the Mapping Team, Sud–Kivu, April 2009; HJ, “Report for the 4th quarter of 1998”, 1999, p. 6; COJESKI, “Vue synoptique des violations au South Kivu”, 1998, p. 6.
⁵⁵⁰ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, February and April 2009; HJ, Report for the 4th quarter of 1998, 1999, p. 3; HRW, Casualties of War”, 1999, p. 31.
⁵⁵¹ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March 2009; CADDHOM, Half-year report, 1999, p.6.
⁵⁵² Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, February and April 2009; HJ, Report for the 4th quarter of 1998, 1999, p. 3; HRW, Casualties of War, 1999, p. 31.
⁵⁵³ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, February and April 2009.
⁵⁵⁴ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, February and March 2009; COJESKI, “Cinq mois d’invasion – South Kivu”, 1999, p. 32 and 33; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 1999, p. 6.
⁵⁵⁵ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, February 2009; Ambroise Bulambo, Mourir au Kivu, du génocide tutsi aux massacres dans l’est du Congo RCD, L’Harmattan, 2001 p. 88; Ministry of Human Rights of the DRC, “Livre Blanc: La guerre d’agression en RDC, Trois ans de massacres et de génocide à huis clos” October 2001, p. 13 to 15; Petition to the International Court of Justice of the DRC against Rwanda dated 28 May 2002, p. 5; CADDHOM, Half-year report, 1999, p. 6; Jean Migabo Kalere, “Génocide au Congo ? Analyse des massacres des populations civiles”, Broederlijk Delen, 2002, p. 49 and 69 to 79; AI, DRC: Killing human decency, 2000, p. 13; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2001, p. 6.
⁵⁵⁶ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, February and March 2009.
⁵⁵⁷ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, February and March 2009; HRW, DRC, Eastern Congo ravaged 2000, p.10.
⁵⁵⁸ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March and May 2009; IRIN, “Update No. 629 for Central and Eastern Africa”, 1999; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 1999, p. 7.
⁵⁵⁹ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March-April 2009; AI, DRC: Killing human decency, 2000, p. 15.
⁵⁶⁰ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, April 2009.
⁵⁶¹ Interview with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March 2009; Jean Migabo Kalere, “Génocide au Congo ? Analyse des massacres des populations civiles”, Broederlijk Delen, 2002, p. 50; AI, DRC: Killing human decency, 2000, p. 13.
⁵⁶² Interview with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March 2009; Compilation of accounts on the massacres committed in the Eastern Congo/Zaïre by the armies of Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi, “Pour qu’on n’oublie jamais”, 2001, p. 30; Jean Migabo Kalere, “Génocide au Congo ? Analyse des massacres des populations civiles”, 2002, p. 50; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 1999, p. 7; AI, DRC: Killing human decency, 2000, p. 13.
⁵⁶³ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu and Maniema, January and March 2009; Document submitted to the Mapping Team by the NGO CADDHOM, Shabunda office, in March 2009; OHCHR, Report of mission to Nyakulungu, 2 May 2008; HJ, “Terreur en territoire de Shabunda”. (accessed January 2009)
⁵⁶⁴ Interviews with the Mapping Team South Kivu, March and April 2009; Compilation of accounts on the massacres committed in the Eastern Congo/Zaire by the armies of Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi, “Pour qu’on n’oublie jamais”, 2001, p. 30; HRW, Eastern Congo ravaged 2000, p. 10.
⁵⁶⁵ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, December 2008, February, March and May 2009; Confidential document submitted to the Mapping Team in 2009; Christian Hemedi Bayolo, “L’Église profanée, chronique and violation des droits du clergé pendant la guerre d’agression 1998-2000”, February 2002, p. 32; AI, DRC: Killing human decency, 2000, p. 13.
⁵⁶⁶ Interview with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, April 2009; ASADHO, Annual Report, 2000 p. 40; Dignité des sans-voix, ”La femme dans la tourmente des guerres en RDC”, 2003, p. 7; Jean Migabo Kalere, “Génocide au Congo ? Analyse des massacres des populations civiles”, 2002, p. 52; Memorandum from civil society in South Kivu to the MONUC, 14 December 1999, p. 5; AI, DRC: Killing human decency, 2000, p. 13.
⁵⁶⁷ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March 2009; AI, DRC: Killing human decency, 2000, p. 22.
⁵⁶⁸ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, November 2008 and March 2009; DRC Ministry of Human Rights, Livre Blanc: La guerre d’agression en RDC. Trois ans de massacres and de génocide à huis clos, October 2001, p. 31 and 33; Petition to the International Court of Justice of the DRC against Rwanda dated 28 May 2002, p. 4; COJESKI, Rapport 1999-2000, 2000, p. 9; HJ, “Le Gouverneur du South Kivu n’a pas convaincu”, 5 February 2000; Info–Congo/Kinshasa, May-June 2000, p. 161; Jean Migabo Kalere, “Génocide au Congo ? Analyse des massacres des populations civiles”, 2002, p. 52; Ambroise Bulambo, “Mourir au Kivu, du génocide tutsi aux massacres dans l’est du Congo RCD”, 2001, p. 90; Memorandum from civil society in South Kivu to the MONUC, 14 December 1999, p. 5.
⁵⁶⁹ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, November 2008 and April 2009; COJESKI, “Les violations caractérisées des droits de l’homme dans les Kivu”, March 2000, p. 10 and 11; Christian Hemedi Bayolo, “L’Église profanée, chronique and violation des droits du clergé pendant la guerre d’agression 1998-2000”, February 2002, p. 27.
⁵⁷⁰ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March 2009; ASADHO, press release no. 0018, 2000; Dignité des sans-voix, “La femme dans la tourmente des guerres en RDC”, 2003, p. 73; Ambroise Bulambo, “Mourir au Kivu, du génocide tutsi aux massacres dans l’est du Congo RCD”, 2001 .p. 88; AI, Rwandese-controlled eastern DRC: Devastating human toll, 2001, p. 13.
⁵⁷¹ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March 2009; IRIN, “Central and Eastern Africa Weekly Round-Up 26”, 30 June 2000; Diocesan Commission on Justice and Peace, “Flash special – Les Interahamwe massacrent la population de Bushwira en territoire de Kabare”, 29 November 2002.
⁵⁷² Ibid.
⁵⁷³ Ibid.
⁵⁷⁴ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, February 2009; AI, Rwandese-controlled eastern DRC: Devastating human toll, 2001, p. 12.
⁵⁷⁵ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, February 2009; Report on the situation of human rights in the DRC presented by the Special Rapporteur (A/55/403), AI, Rwandese-controlled eastern DRC: Devastating human toll, 2001, p. 14; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2000, p. 7
⁵⁷⁶ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, January and February 2009.
⁵⁷⁷ Coltan is a mineral used in the manufacture of mobile phones, computers and other electronic devices.
⁵⁷⁸ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, April 2009; AI, Rwandese-controlled eastern DRC: Devastating human toll, 2001.
⁵⁷⁹ Interview with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March 2009; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2000, p. 6; AI, Rwandese-controlled eastern DRC: Devastating human toll, 2001, p. 13.
⁵⁸⁰ Interview with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, February 2009; ASADHO, Annual Report, 2000. p. 40; AI, Rwandese-controlled eastern DRC: Devastating human toll, 2001, p. 19 and 20; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2000, p.
⁵⁸¹ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March 2009; Report on the situation of human rights in the DRC (E /CN.4/1999/31); Petition to the International Court of Justice of the DRC against Rwanda dated 28 May 2002. p. 4; COJESKI, “Vue synoptique sur les violations massives des droits de l’homme pendant les trois mois d’agression du South Kivu/RDC”, 1998, p. 3.
⁵⁸² Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March and April 2009.
⁵⁸³ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March 2009; IRIN, “Central and Eastern Africa Weekly Round-Up 26”, 30 June 2000; Diocesan Commission on Justice and Peace, “Flash special – Les Interahamwe massacrent la population de Bushwira en territoire de Kabare”, 29 November 2002.
⁵⁸⁴ Ibid.
⁵⁸⁵ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, March, April and May 2009.
⁵⁸⁶ Interviews with the Mapping Team, South Kivu, February and March 2009; Committee on the Rights of the Child, “Child Soldiers – Country Reports”, 2004; HRW, Casualties of War, 1999, p. 36 and 37; Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, “Child Soldiers Global Report –DRC”, 2001.